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完形填空类型分析短文长度分析间隔设计分析

2023-06-05 发布于 廊坊百事通
完形填空类型分析短文长度分析间隔设计分析
1. 填空类型分析
    完形填空题的词项有两大类:实词和虚词。实词指:动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词和数词;虚词指:介词及介词短语、连词和冠词。还有一种划分是把完形填空题分为语义和动能两大类,如果该题型要求考生填入实词,这种填空题为语义类;如果该题型要求考生填入虚词,这种填空题为功能类。笔者分析并统计高考英语试题中的完形填空题以填实词(动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词)为主,虚词(连词、介词、介词短语)为次;也就是说以语义类为主,功能类为次。这就意味着完形填空题主要测试考生的阅读能力和英语语言知识综合运用能力。
2. 短文长度分析
   从短文的长度来看,近10年高考中,每篇短文平均为221个单词。
3. 间隔设计分析
    完形填空题的难易取决于两个因素:1)所取的短文本身所含的生词量、语法、句子结构、句子长短、文化背景等; 2)空格之间的长度,空格与空格之间的长度越长,填空难度就越小,长度越小难度就越大。
4. 成分与结构分析

    从完形填空所填入的句子成分来看,以谓语、定语、宾语、状语居多,还有表语、及其他成分,以及非谓语动词、习惯搭配、固定词组、介词短语和各种句型等。从结构上分析,完形填空所提供的四个选项,如果单从本句的结构来看,四个选项都可以填入空格,但从意义上看只有一个答案。

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如题:This ___61__ that you can watch the movement of his eyes as he reads the page. ____62__ you do this, you will see that your friend’s eyes do not make a continuous forward sweep. ____63___ they progress by little “jumps”, moving, then stopping, as they progress along the line. 
61. (A) shows   (B) means   (C) expresses   (D) proves
    本题所提供的四个选项都是动词,都能接宾语从句,后面跟的正是宾语从句,从结构上看四个答案都能填入空格,然而从四个词的意义来看,应该用 means(意味着),因为只有means才符合题意。有的单从这一句的语法、语言知识来看,四个选项填入都能成立,但从整个语篇考虑,答案只有一个。再如2000年全国英语高考卷的完形填空题第29 题:Worse still, Dad ___27___ a step and fell, sending my new suitcases __28___ down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew ___29___ was ahead. Whenever Dad’s face turns red___30___! 
29. (A) suffering (B) difficulty (C) trouble (D) danger 根据本句的结构分析,这个空格是主语的位置,四个选项都可以做主语,四个选项都能填进去;从意义上看,如果不考虑上下文,四个选项都对;但如果你看了下文你就可以知道应该选C, trouble做答案。从语篇考虑,从全局考虑,瞻前顾后,浏览全文,整体感知,前后连贯,固定词组,习惯搭配,结构意义等,是完形填空题的最大特色。

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively   51   work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the   52  , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,   53   , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from   54   without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of   55   people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to   56   to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general   57  . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional   58   managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without   59   managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:   60   the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be   61   with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has   62   been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to   63   that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or   64   management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the   65   of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike   
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree         D. extreme  
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however     D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below         D. above 
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing         D. encouraging  
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object         D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election     D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western     D. male  
 59. A. asking B. training C. warning     D. firing 
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing     D. estimating 
61. A. honored     B. left C. crowded     D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately     D. occasionally 
63. A. deny B. admit     C. assume     D. ensure
64. A. virtual     B. ineffective     C. day-to-day         D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk     C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案与解析】
试题分析:本文是说明文,介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
51.D 考查动词辨析。根据后半句"....will do anything to avoid it"可知人们本能上不喜欢工作,他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。
52.A 考查名词辨析。to the contrary相反的;to the degree在某种程度上;to the extreme走向极端。此处是说,无论如何,尽管很多证据与这个理论相反,很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明;这些管理人仍然同意X理论,例如他们认为如果要员工效率高,就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知这属于专制的管理方法,他们的决定是来自上而下的,没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论,使用本句使用动词“manage管理”,不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。refer to提到,谈到;contribute to做贡献;导致;object to反对;apply to适用于。此处是说,亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法,所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。
57.A 考查名词辨析。agreement同意;practice练习,做法;election选举;impression印象。此处是说,亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法,这种方法是建立在共同协商基础之上的,西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。
58.D 考查形容词辨析。根据前半句"....women will become more effective managers than men...."可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力,比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。
 62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地;traditionally传统地;inadequately不充分地;occasionally偶尔地;根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法,与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认;admit承认;assume假定,设想;ensure保证,确保;授权管理是一种新型的管理方法,省略了中央管理环节,保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的;ineffective低效的;day-to-day日常的;on-the-scene现场的;根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中,人们都是通过邮件和网络联系,说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点;risk冒险;performance表现;attractiveness魅力;根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
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